What was the main reasons Bhutanese Nepali were Deported From Bhutan ?

 The deportation of Bhutanese Nepali people, also known as Lhotshampa, from Bhutan about 30 years ago was primarily rooted in ethnic, cultural, and political tensions. The main reasons were:

1. Bhutanization Policy (Cultural Homogenization):

• The Bhutanese government introduced a policy in the 1980s and 1990s aimed at preserving the cultural identity of the majority Drukpa population, based on their Tibetan Buddhist traditions.

• The government enforced the “One Nation, One People” policy, requiring all citizens to follow Drukpa cultural norms, such as wearing the national dress (gho and kira) and speaking Dzongkha, Bhutan’s official language. This marginalized the Lhotshampa community, who primarily spoke Nepali and followed Hindu traditions.

2. Citizenship Act of 1985:

• The Bhutanese government tightened citizenship laws, requiring proof of residence in Bhutan before 1958 to claim citizenship. Many Lhotshampa were unable to provide the necessary documentation.

• Those who could not meet the criteria were labeled as “illegal immigrants” and faced the threat of expulsion.

3. Ethnic and Demographic Concerns:

• The Bhutanese government feared that the growing Lhotshampa population, concentrated in southern Bhutan, could challenge the dominance of the Drukpa culture and potentially destabilize the nation.

• The government viewed the Lhotshampa community’s distinct identity as a threat to national unity.

4. Political Activism:

• In the late 1980s, the Lhotshampa began to demand greater political rights, cultural recognition, and opposition to the discriminatory policies of Bhutanization.

• The government responded with repression, accusing the Lhotshampa of supporting separatist movements or anti-national activities.

5. Mass Expulsions:

• In the early 1990s, the Bhutanese government conducted mass expulsions, labeling thousands of Lhotshampa as “illegal immigrants.”

• Many were forcibly evicted from their homes, and large numbers fled to refugee camps in Nepal, where they lived for decades under challenging conditions.

6. Impact on Refugees:

• Approximately 100,000 Lhotshampa were displaced, and many ended up in refugee camps in eastern Nepal.

• Over the years, several countries, including the United States, Canada, and Australia, resettled Bhutanese refugees, though many still face challenges rebuilding their lives.

Arthur Buchwald/Short Biography

Buchwald was born in New York in 1925.he was an American humorist. He first started writing as a paid journalist in Paris after second world war. He was a part of large American expatriate at that time, received Pulitzer prize in 1982 

     He was born in the immigrant family father Joseph and mother Helen. He was the youngest of four children. his mother lived in the hospital for 35 years because of her illness. When family business failed his father put him in the asylum center in The New York. He stayed in the forester home for at least five years. During the world war second, he wanted to join in the us marine corps but he was too young but later served. 

        In 1949 Buchwald left the university of Southern California and went to Paris. In Paris he got a job as a correspondence of variety. He was later hired as an editorial staff in restaurant and night club. Buchwald enjoyed the notoriety he received when U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower's press secretary, Jim Hagerty, took seriously a spoof press conference report claiming that reporters asked questions about the president's breakfast habits. After Hagerty called his own conference to denounce the article as "unadulterated rot," Buchwald famously retorted, "Hagerty is wrong. I write adulterated rot." On August 24, 1959, TIME magazine, in reviewing the history of the European edition of The Herald Tribune, reported that Buchwald's column had achieved an "institutional quality." 

Buchwald married Anne in Paris. Anne was a Irish –America apprentice couturier from Pennsylvania. Later they adopted three children in the USA. They settled down in Washington and started to write in the Washington post. 

Awards: 

      In 1982 Buchwald was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Outstanding Commentary 

      In 1991 he received the World Humor Award, from the Workshop Library on World Humor 

        In 1997 he received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. 

      As refers to the  wikipediya/Buchwald,He was later suffered an illness called mental disorder. he hospitalized in 1963 for his severe digression.in 2000 at the age of 74 he suffered a stroke then he hospitalized for more than two months. He used to eat Mc Donald in his later parts of life. he died in 2007.